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1\uff0e\u5fdc\u7b54\u53e5\u306e\u75d5\u8de1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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2\uff0e\u796d\u53f8\u7684\u767a\u8a71\u306e\u75d5\u8de1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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3\uff0e\u795e\u6bbf\u5165\u5834\u5100\u793c\u306e\u75d5\u8de1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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4\uff0e\u5de1\u793c\u8005\u3078\u306e\u795d\u798f<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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5\uff0e\u738b\u6a29\u5100\u793c\u306e\u75d5\u8de1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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6\uff0e\u65e5\u5e38\u751f\u6d3b\u306e\u7948\u308a\u306e\u75d5\u8de1<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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7\uff0e\u4f55\u3092\u624b\u304c\u304b\u308a\u306b\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u75d5\u8de1\u3092\u898b\u308b\u306e\u304b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4e3b\u306b\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u70b9\u306b\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u767a\u8a71\u8005\u304c\u7a81\u7136\u5909\u308f\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3002\u554f\u3044\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u3067\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3002\u304f\u308a\u8fd4\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fdc\u7b54\u53e5\u3002\u796d\u53f8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u795d\u798f\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3002\u8907\u6570\u306e\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3078\u306e\u547c\u3073\u304b\u3051\u3002\u795e\u8a17\u306e\u5ba3\u8a00\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u306f\u3001\u9ed9\u8aad\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u53f0\u672c\u3092\u601d\u308f\u305b\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3067\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5100\u5f0f\u3092\u518d\u73fe\u3067\u304d\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8a69\u7bc7\u306e\u591a\u304f\u304c\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b9f\u8df5\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u307b\u307c\u78ba\u304b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
8\uff0e\u8a69\u7bc7\u306f\u4f55\u3092\u4fdd\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u8a69\u7bc7\u3092\u300c\u8aad\u3080\u300d\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u751f\u304d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u53e4\u4ee3\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30a8\u30eb\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a69\u7bc7\u306f\u8aad\u3080\u3060\u3051\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6b4c\u3044\u3001\u5fdc\u7b54\u3057\u3001\u5de1\u793c\u306e\u9053\u3067\u5531\u3048\u3001\u796d\u53f8\u304b\u3089\u795d\u798f\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3001\u795e\u306e\u524d\u3067\u5171\u306b\u7948\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u8a69\u7bc7\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u793c\u62dd\u306e\u75d5\u8de1\u304c\u4eca\u3082\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u305f\u3061\u306f\u8a69\u7bc7\u3092\u5358\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u306e\u793c\u62dd\u3092\u652f\u3048\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6349\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4eba\u3005\u306f\u8a69\u7bc7\u3092\u300c\u8aad\u3093\u3067\u300d\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u8a69\u7bc7\u3092\u300c\u751f\u304d\u3066\u300d\u3044\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u00a9Dr. Makoto<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Looking for Traces of Worship Preserved in the Psalms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Many years ago, I traveled to Iloilo in the Philippines for work. The area was very remote, and there was no hotel where I could stay, so a local Catholic church gave me a place to sleep. There I had an experience I will never forget. Every morning at four, while it was still dark, people from the village gathered at the church. The priest spoke, the people answered, hymns were sung, and set prayers were repeated. The whole village community took part in the worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
After that experience, I began to think about the Psalms. How did the people of ancient Israel use them? Did they read them as books, as we do? Or did they sing them, answer one another, and practice them together in worship? Recent studies give more attention to the second possibility because many parts of the Psalms seem to preserve traces of worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
A clear example is Psalm 136. The words \u201cHis faithful love continues forever\u201d appear twenty-six times. As literature, this is unusual repetition. But as a response in worship, it makes good sense. A leader may have spoken about God\u2019s acts, and the people may have answered, \u201cHis faithful love continues forever.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Psalm 118 has a similar structure. The calls \u201cLet Israel say,\u201d \u201cLet the house of Aaron say,\u201d and \u201cLet those who fear the Lord say\u201d suggest that several groups may have answered in turn. Scholars see traces of community worship in passages like these.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There are other kinds of traces. In Psalm 20, the first part sounds like a prayer by the people. But in verse 6, a single speaker suddenly says, \u201cNow I know.\u201d Who is speaking? The text does not explain. Some scholars think this may preserve a declaration from a priest or prophet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Something similar happens in Psalms 12 and 81. Human beings seem to be speaking, but suddenly God\u2019s own words begin. This structure may seem strange in an ordinary literary work, but it is easier to understand as part of worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Psalm 24 is another interesting example. In its second half, the call \u201cLift up your heads, you gates\u201d is followed by the question, \u201cWho is this King of glory?\u201d Then comes the answer, \u201cThe Lord Almighty\u2014he is the King of glory.\u201d It sounds like a dialogue. Gatekeepers may have asked the question, and a procession of pilgrims may have answered. We cannot be certain, but many scholars see here a trace of a temple entrance ceremony.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Psalm 15 also begins with a question about who may enter the Lord\u2019s holy place, followed by an answer describing the required character. Some scholars understand it as a dialogue between pilgrims and a priest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Psalm 134 has another meaningful structure. Pilgrims seem to speak at the beginning, but the psalm ends with the blessing, \u201cMay the Lord bless you.\u201d A priest is the natural speaker of this blessing. The psalm may therefore preserve an actual dialogue between pilgrims and a priest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Psalms 2 and 110 draw attention to kingship. In Psalm 2, God declares, \u201cYou are my son.\u201d Psalm 110 begins with the oracle, \u201cThe Lord says to my lord.\u201d Scholars have often discussed whether these psalms were used in a royal enthronement or a ceremony that renewed the king\u2019s authority. Much remains uncertain, but many scholars agree that these texts have a background connected with kingship and worship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Not every psalm is connected with temple worship. Psalms 3, 13, 22, and 51 strongly express personal suffering and prayer. The speaker says \u201cI\u201d and speaks about illness, enemies, sin, and pain. These psalms may have been used as personal prayers. Later, communities may also have used them as their own prayers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Scholars pay attention to sudden changes of speaker, question-and-answer patterns, repeated responses, priestly blessings, calls to different groups, and declarations of divine messages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
These features sound less like writing for silent reading and more like parts of a worship script. They do not allow us to rebuild an exact ceremony, but they strongly suggest that many psalms were connected with community practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
We live in an age when we read the Psalms. For the people of ancient Israel, however, the Psalms were not only texts to read. They were words to sing, answer, speak on pilgrimage, receive with a priestly blessing, and pray together before God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Traces of this worship still remain in the Psalms. For this reason, recent scholars study them not only as literature but also as texts that supported the worship of a community. The people may not only have read the Psalms. They may have lived them. \u00a9Dr. Makoto<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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